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HAIFA (Press Release) — A new University of Haifa study could be of interest to the Israeli and Palestinian negotiating teams: It shows that the “love hormone” oxytocin raises the level of empathy toward a rival.
“The research findings show that exposure to oxytocin leads people to feel that the other party is also a human being with complex feelings,” said Prof. Simone Shamay-Tsoory of the University of Haifa’s Psychology Department, who led the study.
Oxytocin is a hormone known to be excreted in a variety of social situations, with previous studies showing that inhaling a synthetic version of the hormone increases altruistic feelings, for example.
During this study, conducted by Prof. Shamay-Tsoory with research students Sharon Palgi and Meytal Fischer-Shofty, in cooperation with the Cognitive and Emotional Laboratory at the Shalvata Mental Health Care Center and the Universities of Chicago and Birmingham, the researchers sought to examine whether exposure to oxytocin could increase feelings of empathy, both among people within a group and toward people from a rival or hostile group.
“Given the previous findings, it was hard to know whether exposure to oxytocin would increase the feeling of camaraderie and thus strengthen the positive connections within the group while increasing hostility toward others, or whether the level of empathy would also be raised toward the other, hostile party,” said Shamay-Tsoory.
The study included 55 adult Jewish Israelis who were divided into two groups; one group received oxytocin while the other served as a control group. All participants looked at pictures of painful scenes (a door closing on someone’s fingers, for example) and neutral scenes, and were immediately show a slide with a name. The names included common Israeli names, common Arab names and common European names. After every picture the participants were asked to note to the level of pain the person in the picture had suffered.
The findings showed that those who had inhaled oxytocin recorded a much higher level of empathy toward the pain suffered by the Arab-named characters, a level almost identical to that shown toward the “Jews” or the “Europeans.”
This change was clearly evident only with regard to the Arabs. There were no obvious changes in the level of empathy toward Jews or Europeans in the painful situations or toward any of the groups shown in neutral situations. While the level of empathy toward Arabs was significantly lower in the control group that hadn’t inhaled oxytocin, the level of empathy expressed by both groups toward the other characters was similar.
According to the researchers, the fact that oxytocin only influenced the level of empathy towards the pain of members of the hostile group could indicate that exposure to oxytocin allows people to express the cognitive information already present with regard to the hostile other but that other mechanisms suppress. They said the oxytocin leads us to be more aware of the pain of another – a basic human instinct, which is enhanced or weakened in various social situations – and thus to share the other’s pain as well.
“The research findings show that exposure to oxytocin leads people to feel that the other party is also a human being with complex feelings,” said Prof. Simone Shamay-Tsoory of the University of Haifa’s Psychology Department, who led the study.
Oxytocin is a hormone known to be excreted in a variety of social situations, with previous studies showing that inhaling a synthetic version of the hormone increases altruistic feelings, for example.
During this study, conducted by Prof. Shamay-Tsoory with research students Sharon Palgi and Meytal Fischer-Shofty, in cooperation with the Cognitive and Emotional Laboratory at the Shalvata Mental Health Care Center and the Universities of Chicago and Birmingham, the researchers sought to examine whether exposure to oxytocin could increase feelings of empathy, both among people within a group and toward people from a rival or hostile group.
“Given the previous findings, it was hard to know whether exposure to oxytocin would increase the feeling of camaraderie and thus strengthen the positive connections within the group while increasing hostility toward others, or whether the level of empathy would also be raised toward the other, hostile party,” said Shamay-Tsoory.
The study included 55 adult Jewish Israelis who were divided into two groups; one group received oxytocin while the other served as a control group. All participants looked at pictures of painful scenes (a door closing on someone’s fingers, for example) and neutral scenes, and were immediately show a slide with a name. The names included common Israeli names, common Arab names and common European names. After every picture the participants were asked to note to the level of pain the person in the picture had suffered.
The findings showed that those who had inhaled oxytocin recorded a much higher level of empathy toward the pain suffered by the Arab-named characters, a level almost identical to that shown toward the “Jews” or the “Europeans.”
This change was clearly evident only with regard to the Arabs. There were no obvious changes in the level of empathy toward Jews or Europeans in the painful situations or toward any of the groups shown in neutral situations. While the level of empathy toward Arabs was significantly lower in the control group that hadn’t inhaled oxytocin, the level of empathy expressed by both groups toward the other characters was similar.
According to the researchers, the fact that oxytocin only influenced the level of empathy towards the pain of members of the hostile group could indicate that exposure to oxytocin allows people to express the cognitive information already present with regard to the hostile other but that other mechanisms suppress. They said the oxytocin leads us to be more aware of the pain of another – a basic human instinct, which is enhanced or weakened in various social situations – and thus to share the other’s pain as well.
sumber:
http://charterforcompassion.org/node/6904
Quote:
NEW YORK — Chemicals in your body can influence how generous or selfish you are, and, in recent years, experiments have explored the role of one called oxytocin — which one researcher calls the "moral molecule."
In an experiment known as the ultimatum game, one of two people is given a sum of money, say $100, and told he must decide how to split it with person No. 2. If person No. 2 is dissatisfied with the split, then she can reject it, but then the money vanishes, and neither person gets any.
Neuroeconomist Paul Zak and colleagues have performed many variations on this experiment. In one, they gave some participants a baik of oxytocin to the nose beforehand, and found that the share of money they offered the other side increased by 80 percent. (It's important to note that the increase occurred when person No. 1 had to consider person No. 2's reaction to the offer.)
Zak's work indicates oxytocin — once best known as a hormone released during birth and breast-feeding — also plays a fundamental role in promoting social behavior, he told an audience at the New York Academy of Sciences on Tuesday (Dec. 11). Oxytocin also acts as a neurotransmitter, or messenger between brain cells. [11 Interesting Effects of Oxytocin]
His presentation was one of a series on the science behind the seven deadly sins, in this case, greed.
"The seven deadly sins are still deadly, because they separate us from other people," Zak said. "They are all about putting 'me' first and that is maladaptive for social creatures like us.'
Oxytocin, in particular, promotes empathy, and when the chemical is inhibited in someone, they become more prone to sinful, or selfish, behavior, he said.
But this system doesn't work for everyone.
Zak illustrated this using the example of a young Canadian woman, Stephanie Castagnier, who was a contestant on real-estate mogul Donald Trump's reality TV show "The Apprentice." Castagnier presented herself as "the goddess of greed," he writes in his book, "The Moral Molecule" (Dutton Adult, 2012).
Zak showed Castagnier a video depicting a 2-year-old boy who is dying of cancer. Not surprisingly, this video typically prompted a strong reaction. Zak found it prompted oxytocin levels to increase by an average of 47 percent in the blood of viewers. However, Castagnier's oxytocin increased only 9 percent.
"She doesn't have the physiology of empathy," Zak told the audience, adding that this allowed her to be more aggressive.
The hormone testosterone inhibits oxytocin, but Zak found that, while Castagnier had unusually low levels of testosterone, she had incredibly high levels of dihydrotestosterone, or DHT, a "high octane" version of testosterone, he said. The DHT was blocking the oxytocin, he concluded.
Zak and colleagues found that men given testosterone became 27 percent less generous toward others when playing the ultimatum game.
But in spite of this anti-social influence, testosterone does help maintain social order. In fact, people with high levels of testosterone are prone to want to punish those seen as uncooperative and greedy, even spending their own resources to do so, Zak has found.
Castagnier's personal history also offered a clue. Oxytocin is released as part of what Zak calls the "human oxytocin mediated empathy" circuit. Research on women who endured repeated sexual abuse as children indicates this circuit does not function properly for them, said Zak. The abuse they experienced seems to prevent this circuit from developing properly, he said.
In Castagnier's case, her father, who was a high-rolling drug dealer, became a homeless junkie when she was young. Before she had finished high school, both of her parents had died of AIDS, Zak writes in his book.
Based on his observations during a three-on-three paintball game, Zak surmised her greed was focused on money; she was capable of behaving cooperatively in other situations.
Other research is also exploring the complex effects of this chemical messenger, oxytocin, which has also been dubbed a "love drug."
Follow LiveScience on Twitter @livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+.
In an experiment known as the ultimatum game, one of two people is given a sum of money, say $100, and told he must decide how to split it with person No. 2. If person No. 2 is dissatisfied with the split, then she can reject it, but then the money vanishes, and neither person gets any.
Neuroeconomist Paul Zak and colleagues have performed many variations on this experiment. In one, they gave some participants a baik of oxytocin to the nose beforehand, and found that the share of money they offered the other side increased by 80 percent. (It's important to note that the increase occurred when person No. 1 had to consider person No. 2's reaction to the offer.)
Zak's work indicates oxytocin — once best known as a hormone released during birth and breast-feeding — also plays a fundamental role in promoting social behavior, he told an audience at the New York Academy of Sciences on Tuesday (Dec. 11). Oxytocin also acts as a neurotransmitter, or messenger between brain cells. [11 Interesting Effects of Oxytocin]
His presentation was one of a series on the science behind the seven deadly sins, in this case, greed.
"The seven deadly sins are still deadly, because they separate us from other people," Zak said. "They are all about putting 'me' first and that is maladaptive for social creatures like us.'
Oxytocin, in particular, promotes empathy, and when the chemical is inhibited in someone, they become more prone to sinful, or selfish, behavior, he said.
But this system doesn't work for everyone.
Zak illustrated this using the example of a young Canadian woman, Stephanie Castagnier, who was a contestant on real-estate mogul Donald Trump's reality TV show "The Apprentice." Castagnier presented herself as "the goddess of greed," he writes in his book, "The Moral Molecule" (Dutton Adult, 2012).
Zak showed Castagnier a video depicting a 2-year-old boy who is dying of cancer. Not surprisingly, this video typically prompted a strong reaction. Zak found it prompted oxytocin levels to increase by an average of 47 percent in the blood of viewers. However, Castagnier's oxytocin increased only 9 percent.
"She doesn't have the physiology of empathy," Zak told the audience, adding that this allowed her to be more aggressive.
The hormone testosterone inhibits oxytocin, but Zak found that, while Castagnier had unusually low levels of testosterone, she had incredibly high levels of dihydrotestosterone, or DHT, a "high octane" version of testosterone, he said. The DHT was blocking the oxytocin, he concluded.
Zak and colleagues found that men given testosterone became 27 percent less generous toward others when playing the ultimatum game.
But in spite of this anti-social influence, testosterone does help maintain social order. In fact, people with high levels of testosterone are prone to want to punish those seen as uncooperative and greedy, even spending their own resources to do so, Zak has found.
Castagnier's personal history also offered a clue. Oxytocin is released as part of what Zak calls the "human oxytocin mediated empathy" circuit. Research on women who endured repeated sexual abuse as children indicates this circuit does not function properly for them, said Zak. The abuse they experienced seems to prevent this circuit from developing properly, he said.
In Castagnier's case, her father, who was a high-rolling drug dealer, became a homeless junkie when she was young. Before she had finished high school, both of her parents had died of AIDS, Zak writes in his book.
Based on his observations during a three-on-three paintball game, Zak surmised her greed was focused on money; she was capable of behaving cooperatively in other situations.
Other research is also exploring the complex effects of this chemical messenger, oxytocin, which has also been dubbed a "love drug."
Follow LiveScience on Twitter @livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+.
sumber:
http://www.livescience.com/25587-gre...-oxytocin.html
Quote:
Hormone stimulates empathy in women
Half a year after the childbirth more than 6% of parents have shaken their baby violently in the hope that it would stop crying. Discovering how parents react to both laughing and crying babies is therefore necessary. Research carried out by Madelon Riem has demonstrated the role of the hormone oxytocin in child-parent interaction.
Hormone inhibits harmful feelings
Earlier studies have already shown that oxytocin increases empathy and increases the bond between parent and child. In her research Madelon Riem demonstrated that oxytocin inhibits harmful feelings and actually strengthens empathy and warm feelings when parents hear laughing or crying babies. This in turn increases the chances of sensitive reactions to the baby.
Reacting to laughing and crying
When babies cry, that is a clear signal directed towards the parents. Crying means hunger, thirst or some other form of discomfort. Crying elicits comforting, feeding and mothering in parents or other care-givers. Laughter also stimulates the bond between parent and child. But crying can eventually prove irritating, and laughter is not in fact perceived as rewarding to all parents. Riem has therefore experimentally researched the function of oxytocin in babies. Oxytocin plays a role in pregnancy and is also released in breast-feeding.
Research using the MRI-scanner
The research project was led by the pedagogues Marian Bakermans-Kranenburg and Rien van IJzendoorn. Half of the group of 42 women under examination were administered oxytocin by nasal spray whereas the other half (the control group) received a placebo spray. All the women then listened to a series of recordings of laughing and crying babies. Their cerebral activity was measured in the MRI-scanner and contrasted with the cerebral activity during comparable acoustic sounds without laughing or crying.
Reward-systems strengthen connections within the brain
The women who received the oxytocin-filled nasal spray showed less activity during crying sounds in the amygdala, the part of the brain that plays a role in fear and aversion. There was also more activity in the areas of the brain that are important for empathy with the distress of a third party. In addition oxytocin suppressed the brain activity responsible for fear and distress when laughing babies were listened to. Furthermore, Oxytocin strengthened the connection between the amygdala and the two reward-systems.
Clue in mechanism
Because the research also involved women without children, an important question is whether these results are equally valid for all parents, or indeed for mothers and fathers. Riem: ‘If this is the case then we have found a clue in the mechanism that can explain why some parents are more sensitive to a crying baby and take pleasure in one that laughs, whereas other parents lack such a warm response and tend towards a more aggressive reaction when their babies cry persistently.’
Half a year after the childbirth more than 6% of parents have shaken their baby violently in the hope that it would stop crying. Discovering how parents react to both laughing and crying babies is therefore necessary. Research carried out by Madelon Riem has demonstrated the role of the hormone oxytocin in child-parent interaction.
Hormone inhibits harmful feelings
Earlier studies have already shown that oxytocin increases empathy and increases the bond between parent and child. In her research Madelon Riem demonstrated that oxytocin inhibits harmful feelings and actually strengthens empathy and warm feelings when parents hear laughing or crying babies. This in turn increases the chances of sensitive reactions to the baby.
Reacting to laughing and crying
When babies cry, that is a clear signal directed towards the parents. Crying means hunger, thirst or some other form of discomfort. Crying elicits comforting, feeding and mothering in parents or other care-givers. Laughter also stimulates the bond between parent and child. But crying can eventually prove irritating, and laughter is not in fact perceived as rewarding to all parents. Riem has therefore experimentally researched the function of oxytocin in babies. Oxytocin plays a role in pregnancy and is also released in breast-feeding.
Research using the MRI-scanner
The research project was led by the pedagogues Marian Bakermans-Kranenburg and Rien van IJzendoorn. Half of the group of 42 women under examination were administered oxytocin by nasal spray whereas the other half (the control group) received a placebo spray. All the women then listened to a series of recordings of laughing and crying babies. Their cerebral activity was measured in the MRI-scanner and contrasted with the cerebral activity during comparable acoustic sounds without laughing or crying.
Reward-systems strengthen connections within the brain
The women who received the oxytocin-filled nasal spray showed less activity during crying sounds in the amygdala, the part of the brain that plays a role in fear and aversion. There was also more activity in the areas of the brain that are important for empathy with the distress of a third party. In addition oxytocin suppressed the brain activity responsible for fear and distress when laughing babies were listened to. Furthermore, Oxytocin strengthened the connection between the amygdala and the two reward-systems.
Clue in mechanism
Because the research also involved women without children, an important question is whether these results are equally valid for all parents, or indeed for mothers and fathers. Riem: ‘If this is the case then we have found a clue in the mechanism that can explain why some parents are more sensitive to a crying baby and take pleasure in one that laughs, whereas other parents lack such a warm response and tend towards a more aggressive reaction when their babies cry persistently.’
sumber:
http://www.socialsciences.leiden.edu...-in-women.html
Quote:
Benar, Salah dan Empati itu ASLINYA GAK ADA. cuma produk hormonal dari otak doank. kalo hormon ini ditekan atau di hilangkan otomatis udah gak kenal yang namanya benar, salah dan empati. Benar dan Salah termasuk diantara nya empati adalah produk agama dan euforia orang2 yang merasa dirinya humanis.
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