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Pertempuran Manzikert, Titik Balik Runtuhnya Kekaisaran Byzantium
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Pertempuran Manzikert, Titik Balik Runtuhnya Kekaisaran Byzantium
Kejayaan Byzantium di zaman dahulu tidak hanya meninggalkan warisan Hagia Sophia di Istanbul, tapi juga sejumlah bangunan bersejarah di kota-kota tua yang telah bertahan berpuluh abad lamanya.
Di setiap tempat bersejarah juga seringkali tidak terlepaskan dari peristiwa peperangan, penaklukkan, dan strategi kepemimpinan.
Tercatat pernah ada pertempuran di Kota Manzikert (kini menjadi Malazgirt) antara pasukan Byzantium di bawah komando Kaisar Romanus Diogenes IV bertemu pasukan Seljuk yang dipimpin oleh Sultan Alp Arslan.
Pertempuran Manzikert terjadi pada 26 Agustus 1071 M. Dalam peperangan tersebut, pasukan Seljuk berhasil mengalahkan pasukan Byzantium.
Pertempuran itu juga menjadi momen penting sebelum Anatolia jatuh ke pihak Kesultanan Seljuk.
Kaisar Byzantium pada saat itu berencana merebut Anatolia
Pada mulanya Sultan Alp Arslan dari Dinasti Seljuk mendengar kabar tentang rencana penyerangan dari Kaisar Byzantium untuk memperebutkan kekuasaan di Anatolia.
Serangan itu ditujukan ke daerah Islam di Asia Kecil. Romanus berangkat dengan 200 ribu pasukan yang terlatih dari Romawi, Prancis, dan Azerbaijan (Georgia) untuk menuju ke kawasan Danau Van dengan maksud merebut Kota Manzikert dengan cepat.
Saat itu Alp Arslan sebenarnya sempat mengusulkan perdamaian. Tapi Kaisar Romanus menunjukkan penolakan dan pertempuran Manzikert pun berlangsung.
Pasukan Byzantium bergerak dengan formasi terbaik
Romanus dan pasukannya beranggapan Alp Arsaln masih ada di titik yang jauh sekali atau bahkan tidak datang. Padahal Alp Arslan sudah terlebih dahulu sampai di area itu.
Sultan Alp Arslan sempat gentar melihat perbandingan pasukannya dibanding yang dibawa Kaisar Romanus. Pasukan yang memperkuat Kesultanan Seljuk ‘hanya’ 20 ribu.
Pertempuran yang terjadi pada hari Jumat itu menorehkan sisi lain tentang keberanian sekaligus kepasrahan pemimpin pasukan perang.
Saat itu pasukan Byzantium sudah siap dengan formasi terbaik dan bergerak ke arah Seljuk. Sultan Alp Arslan bersiaga dengan pasukan dalam formasi bulan sabit.
Sultan Alp Arslan memakai pakaian serba putih pada saat menghadapi peperangan melawan pasukan Byzantium itu.
Harapannya, jika ia harus terbunuh di dalam peperangan tersebut, maka pakaian putih itulah yang sekaligus jadi kain kafannya.
Pasukan Byzantium tidak dapat menahan serangan
Sejarah telah mengabadikan namanya sebagai Alp Arslan yang mulai menduduki tahta kesultanan Seljuk pada 27 April 1064 M.
Nama Alp Arslan yang melekat pada dirinya memang memiliki arti ‘singa yang gagah berani’.
Beberapa kali pasukan Byzantium memberi ajakan bertempur jarak dekat, tapi pasukan Seljuk tidak langsung terpancing.
Pada saat situasi sudah mendukung, Alp Arslan mengerahkan semua pasukan untuk maju ke lini tengah pasukan Byzantium yang tidak ada perlindungan.
Perlahan pasukan Byzantium porak poranda dan terkepung karena serangan itu.
Sampai pada satu titik di mana kekuatan Kaisar Romanus hanya tinggal setengah dari jumlah awal. Puncaknya adalah saat Kaisar Romanus tertawan.
Menjadi momen runtuhnya Kekaisaran Byzantium
Saat dalam masa jadi tawanan Seljuk, Kaisar Romanus diajak berunding soal perdamaian.
Melalui perundingan itulah, kota-kota benteng seperti Edessa, Hieropolis, Antioch, dan Manzikert diserahkan ke Dinasti Seljuk.
Bangsa Romawi pun mengalami perpecahan dan konflik internal yang kemudian menurunkan kekuatan dari kekaisaran tersebut.
Kurang lebih sepuluh tahun pasca peperangan Manzikert, bangsa Seljuk juga menguasai Kota Nicaea di tepian Selat Bosphorus yang ada di dekat ibukota
Kekaisaran Byzantium, yakni Konstantinopel (sekarang Istanbul).
Pertempuran itu juga menjadi momen runtuhnya Kekaisaran Byzantium yang menandai jatuhnya Anatolia ke Seljuk.
SUMBER : [url]https://www.dailysia.com/pertempuran-manzikert-titik-balik-runtuhnya-kekaisaran-byzantium/
[/url]
Di setiap tempat bersejarah juga seringkali tidak terlepaskan dari peristiwa peperangan, penaklukkan, dan strategi kepemimpinan.
Tercatat pernah ada pertempuran di Kota Manzikert (kini menjadi Malazgirt) antara pasukan Byzantium di bawah komando Kaisar Romanus Diogenes IV bertemu pasukan Seljuk yang dipimpin oleh Sultan Alp Arslan.
Pertempuran Manzikert terjadi pada 26 Agustus 1071 M. Dalam peperangan tersebut, pasukan Seljuk berhasil mengalahkan pasukan Byzantium.
Pertempuran itu juga menjadi momen penting sebelum Anatolia jatuh ke pihak Kesultanan Seljuk.
Kaisar Byzantium pada saat itu berencana merebut Anatolia
Pada mulanya Sultan Alp Arslan dari Dinasti Seljuk mendengar kabar tentang rencana penyerangan dari Kaisar Byzantium untuk memperebutkan kekuasaan di Anatolia.
Serangan itu ditujukan ke daerah Islam di Asia Kecil. Romanus berangkat dengan 200 ribu pasukan yang terlatih dari Romawi, Prancis, dan Azerbaijan (Georgia) untuk menuju ke kawasan Danau Van dengan maksud merebut Kota Manzikert dengan cepat.
Saat itu Alp Arslan sebenarnya sempat mengusulkan perdamaian. Tapi Kaisar Romanus menunjukkan penolakan dan pertempuran Manzikert pun berlangsung.
Pasukan Byzantium bergerak dengan formasi terbaik
Romanus dan pasukannya beranggapan Alp Arsaln masih ada di titik yang jauh sekali atau bahkan tidak datang. Padahal Alp Arslan sudah terlebih dahulu sampai di area itu.
Sultan Alp Arslan sempat gentar melihat perbandingan pasukannya dibanding yang dibawa Kaisar Romanus. Pasukan yang memperkuat Kesultanan Seljuk ‘hanya’ 20 ribu.
Pertempuran yang terjadi pada hari Jumat itu menorehkan sisi lain tentang keberanian sekaligus kepasrahan pemimpin pasukan perang.
Saat itu pasukan Byzantium sudah siap dengan formasi terbaik dan bergerak ke arah Seljuk. Sultan Alp Arslan bersiaga dengan pasukan dalam formasi bulan sabit.
Sultan Alp Arslan memakai pakaian serba putih pada saat menghadapi peperangan melawan pasukan Byzantium itu.
Harapannya, jika ia harus terbunuh di dalam peperangan tersebut, maka pakaian putih itulah yang sekaligus jadi kain kafannya.
Pasukan Byzantium tidak dapat menahan serangan
Sejarah telah mengabadikan namanya sebagai Alp Arslan yang mulai menduduki tahta kesultanan Seljuk pada 27 April 1064 M.
Nama Alp Arslan yang melekat pada dirinya memang memiliki arti ‘singa yang gagah berani’.
Beberapa kali pasukan Byzantium memberi ajakan bertempur jarak dekat, tapi pasukan Seljuk tidak langsung terpancing.
Pada saat situasi sudah mendukung, Alp Arslan mengerahkan semua pasukan untuk maju ke lini tengah pasukan Byzantium yang tidak ada perlindungan.
Perlahan pasukan Byzantium porak poranda dan terkepung karena serangan itu.
Sampai pada satu titik di mana kekuatan Kaisar Romanus hanya tinggal setengah dari jumlah awal. Puncaknya adalah saat Kaisar Romanus tertawan.
Menjadi momen runtuhnya Kekaisaran Byzantium
Pertempuran Manzikert, Titik Balik Runtuhnya Kekaisaran Byzantium
Saat dalam masa jadi tawanan Seljuk, Kaisar Romanus diajak berunding soal perdamaian.
Melalui perundingan itulah, kota-kota benteng seperti Edessa, Hieropolis, Antioch, dan Manzikert diserahkan ke Dinasti Seljuk.
Bangsa Romawi pun mengalami perpecahan dan konflik internal yang kemudian menurunkan kekuatan dari kekaisaran tersebut.
Kurang lebih sepuluh tahun pasca peperangan Manzikert, bangsa Seljuk juga menguasai Kota Nicaea di tepian Selat Bosphorus yang ada di dekat ibukota
Kekaisaran Byzantium, yakni Konstantinopel (sekarang Istanbul).
Pertempuran itu juga menjadi momen runtuhnya Kekaisaran Byzantium yang menandai jatuhnya Anatolia ke Seljuk.
SUMBER : [url]https://www.dailysia.com/pertempuran-manzikert-titik-balik-runtuhnya-kekaisaran-byzantium/
[/url]
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Alp Arslan summoned his army and delivered a speech by appearing in a white robe similar to an Islamic funeral shroud in the morning of the battle.[25] This was an encouraging message that he was ready to die in battle. Romanos was unaware of the loss of Tarchaneiotes and continued to Manzikert, which he easily captured on 23 August; the Seljuks responded with heavy incursions of bowmen.[26] The next day, some foraging parties under Bryennios discovered the Seljuk army and were forced to retreat back to Manzikert. Romanos sent the Armenian general Basilakes and some cavalry, as Romanos did not believe this was Alp Arslan's full army. The cavalry was destroyed and Basilakes taken prisoner. Romanos drew up his troops into formation and sent the left wing out under Bryennios, who was almost surrounded by the quickly approaching Turks and was forced to retreat once more. The Seljuk forces hid among the nearby hills for the night, making it nearly impossible for Romanos to counterattack.[9][27]
On 25 August, some of Romanos' Turkic mercenaries came into contact with their Seljuk kin and deserted. Romanos then rejected a Seljuk peace embassy. He wanted to settle the eastern question and the persistent Turkic incursions and settlements with a decisive military victory, and he understood that raising another army would be both difficult and expensive. The Emperor attempted to recall Tarchaneiotes and his half of the forces, but they were no longer in the area. There were no engagements that day, but on 26 August the Byzantine army gathered itself into a proper battle formation and began to march on the Turkish positions, with the left wing under Bryennios, the right wing under Theodore Alyates, and the centre under the emperor. At that moment, a Turkish soldier said to Alp Arslan, "My Sultan, the enemy army is approaching", and Alp Arslan is said to have replied, "Then we are also approaching them". Andronikos Doukas led the reserve forces in the rear—a foolish mistake by the emperor, considering the dubious loyalties of the Doukids. The Seljuks were organized into a crescent formation about four kilometres away.[28] Seljuk archers attacked the Byzantines as they drew closer; the centre of their crescent continually moved backwards while the wings moved to surround the Byzantine troops.[29]
The Byzantines held off the arrow attacks and captured Alp Arslan's camp by the end of the afternoon.However, the right and left wings, where the arrows did most of their damage, almost broke up when individual units tried to force the Seljuks into a pitched battle; the Seljuk cavalry simply disengaged when challenged, the classic hit and run tactics of steppe warriors. With the Seljuks avoiding battle, Romanos was forced to order a withdrawal by the time night fell. However, the right wing misunderstood the order, and Doukas, as a rival of Romanos, deliberately ignored the emperor's order and marched back to the camp outside Manzikert, rather than covering the emperor's retreat. With the Byzantines thoroughly confused, the Seljuks seized the opportunity and attacked.[9] The Byzantine right wing was almost immediately routed, thinking they were betrayed either by the Armenians or the army's Turkish auxiliaries. Some authors suppose that Armenians were the first to flee and they all managed to get away, while by contrast the Turkish auxiliaries remained loyal to the end.[30] Other sources suggest that Armenian infantry were stoutly resisting and not turning tail and did not abandon the emperor as many had. When Romanos saw the boldness of the Armenian foot soldiers, he displayed great affection for them and promised them unheard of rewards. In the end, the emperor's personal troops and these Armenian foot soldiers suffered the heaviest casualties in the Byzantine army.[31] The left wing under Bryennios held out a little longer but was also soon routed.[12] The remnants of the Byzantine centre, including the Emperor and the Varangian Guard, were encircled by the Seljuks. Romanos was injured and taken prisoner by the Seljuks. The survivors were the many who fled the field and were pursued throughout the night, but not beyond that; by dawn, the professional core of the Byzantine army had been destroyed whilst many of the peasant troops and levies who had been under the command of Andronikus had fled.[12]
On 25 August, some of Romanos' Turkic mercenaries came into contact with their Seljuk kin and deserted. Romanos then rejected a Seljuk peace embassy. He wanted to settle the eastern question and the persistent Turkic incursions and settlements with a decisive military victory, and he understood that raising another army would be both difficult and expensive. The Emperor attempted to recall Tarchaneiotes and his half of the forces, but they were no longer in the area. There were no engagements that day, but on 26 August the Byzantine army gathered itself into a proper battle formation and began to march on the Turkish positions, with the left wing under Bryennios, the right wing under Theodore Alyates, and the centre under the emperor. At that moment, a Turkish soldier said to Alp Arslan, "My Sultan, the enemy army is approaching", and Alp Arslan is said to have replied, "Then we are also approaching them". Andronikos Doukas led the reserve forces in the rear—a foolish mistake by the emperor, considering the dubious loyalties of the Doukids. The Seljuks were organized into a crescent formation about four kilometres away.[28] Seljuk archers attacked the Byzantines as they drew closer; the centre of their crescent continually moved backwards while the wings moved to surround the Byzantine troops.[29]
The Byzantines held off the arrow attacks and captured Alp Arslan's camp by the end of the afternoon.However, the right and left wings, where the arrows did most of their damage, almost broke up when individual units tried to force the Seljuks into a pitched battle; the Seljuk cavalry simply disengaged when challenged, the classic hit and run tactics of steppe warriors. With the Seljuks avoiding battle, Romanos was forced to order a withdrawal by the time night fell. However, the right wing misunderstood the order, and Doukas, as a rival of Romanos, deliberately ignored the emperor's order and marched back to the camp outside Manzikert, rather than covering the emperor's retreat. With the Byzantines thoroughly confused, the Seljuks seized the opportunity and attacked.[9] The Byzantine right wing was almost immediately routed, thinking they were betrayed either by the Armenians or the army's Turkish auxiliaries. Some authors suppose that Armenians were the first to flee and they all managed to get away, while by contrast the Turkish auxiliaries remained loyal to the end.[30] Other sources suggest that Armenian infantry were stoutly resisting and not turning tail and did not abandon the emperor as many had. When Romanos saw the boldness of the Armenian foot soldiers, he displayed great affection for them and promised them unheard of rewards. In the end, the emperor's personal troops and these Armenian foot soldiers suffered the heaviest casualties in the Byzantine army.[31] The left wing under Bryennios held out a little longer but was also soon routed.[12] The remnants of the Byzantine centre, including the Emperor and the Varangian Guard, were encircled by the Seljuks. Romanos was injured and taken prisoner by the Seljuks. The survivors were the many who fled the field and were pursued throughout the night, but not beyond that; by dawn, the professional core of the Byzantine army had been destroyed whilst many of the peasant troops and levies who had been under the command of Andronikus had fled.[12]
ga ditulis juga kah kalau pasukan bayaran turkic yang disewa Romawi belot ke Alp Arslan?
dan kalau di siang hari kemah sultan direbut pasukan romawi?
dan kalau di tubuh oasukan romawi sendiri ada yang mbalelo dan bikin kohesi pasukan runtuh?
pertempuran ini bukan cut and dry pasukan yang menang superior atas pasukan yang kalah, tapi lebih kompleks dari itu. jangan terlalu disederhanakan begitu dong.
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