- Beranda
- Sejarah & Xenology
Battle of vienna... berakhirnya kekuasaan ottoman di eropa
...
TS
nitrammmm
Battle of vienna... berakhirnya kekuasaan ottoman di eropa
The Battle of Vienna (German: Schlacht am Kahlen Berge or Kahlenberg (Battle of the Bald Mountains); Polish: bitwa pod Wiedniem or odsiecz wiedeńska (The Relief of Vienna); Modern Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması, Ottoman Turkish: Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası) took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 12 September 1683[sup][1][/sup] after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle was fought by the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire, under the command of King John III Sobieski against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states. The battle marked the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world".[sup][20][/sup] In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.[sup][20][/sup]
The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed, and they reached Vienna after it had been relieved).[sup][21][/sup] The Viennese garrison was led by Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, an Austrian subject of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. The overall command was held by the senior leader, the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the relief forces.
The opposing military forces were those of the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman fiefdoms, commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Ottoman army numbered approximately 90,000[sup][9][/sup] to 300,000[sup][14][/sup][sup][15][/sup][sup][16][/sup][sup][17][/sup][sup][better source needed][/sup] men (according to documents on the order of battle found in Kara Mustafa's tent, initial strength at the start of the campaign was 170,000 men[sup][13][/sup]). They began the siege on 14 July 1683. Ottoman forces consisted, among other units, of 60 ortas or Janissaries (12,000 men paper-strength) with an observation army of some 70,000[sup][22][/sup] men watching the countryside. The decisive battle took place on 12 September, after the arrival of the united relief army.
Historians suggest the battle marked the turning point in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, a 300-year struggle between the Holy Roman and Ottoman Empires. During the 16 years following the battle, the Austrian Habsburgs gradually recovered and dominated southern Hungary and Transylvania, which had been largely cleared of Ottoman forces. The battle is noted for including the largest known cavalry charge in history.
In 1681, Kara Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, convinced the sultan to scrap a peace treaty between the empire and the Hapsburg rulers of Austria. He pointed out that efforts to conquer more of Hungary had been stymied by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, the King of Hungary and hereditary ruler of the Hapsburg domains of Austria and Bohemia. The sultan was persuaded a third campaign against Vienna would succeed because the French, who were jealous of the growing power of the Hapsburgs, promised not to interfere. (Sounds familiar, doesn’t it?) In the spring of 1683, the sultan journeyed to Belgrade to review his army and declare holy war against the infidels.
Leopold, meanwhile, wasn’t waiting passively for the sword to fall. He obtained money and moral support from Pope Innocent XI and set up a coalition of the willing to defend Vienna. The dukes of Bavaria, Saxony and Lorraine signed on. Most importantly, John Sobieski, the King of Poland, who’d become famous fighting the Ottomans in Ukraine, promised to lead an army to relieve the city.
The siege itself lasted two months, from July to September. With a 200,000-strong army surrounding the city, historian Douglas Clark Baxter explains, the Turks dug a series of parallel trenches steadily closer to the walls where they could place mines. The artillery maintained a steady bombardment. While most of Vienna’s 80,000 residents had fled before the Turks arrived, those who remained — about 10,000 soldiers and 5,000 civilians and volunteers — soon found themselves in dire straits. By late August, several walls were breached. Only temporary barricades and desperate fighting kept the Turks at bay. But with supplies depleted and less than half the original defenders still available, it was clear the enemy would soon prevail.
For a change, though, the cavalry arrived in time. Led by the King of Poland, 65,000 coalition troops — Austrians, Germans and Poles — arrived on the heights of the Kahlenberg above Vienna on Sept. 11. Kara Mustafa had counted on a quick siege and hadn’t bothered to set up defensive positions in his rear.
Big mistake. But he made another mistake in not temporarily lifting the siege and turning his whole army to confront Sobieski’s forces. Instead, the Grand Vizier divided his troops, leaving 10,000 in the trenches to continue the siege while 60,000 faced the coalition forces.
Sobieski addressed his troops before battle, saying, “It is not a city alone that we have to save, but the whole of Christianity, of which the city of Vienna is the bulwark. This war is a holy one.”
On the morning of Sun
day, Sept. 12, the King’s army charged down the slopes of the Kahlenberg. A Tu
rkish observer said at the time the descending army looked “as if a flood of black pitch was flowing down the mountain, smothering and consuming everything that lay in its way.”
An exaggeration perhaps but, by mid-afternoon, the Ottomans’ lines cracked. Sobieski pressed his advantage, ordering a cavalry charge. “The Imperial infantry stopped to gaze in awe as the Polish ‘Winged’ Hussars, resplendent in shining armor and with tiger and leopard skins hanging from their shoulders, lowered the tips of their lances and advanced,” writes historian Simon Millar. “There was an audible shattering of lances as they struck home … The Ottomans recoiled from the shock of the attack.”
The Turkish forces tried a counterattack but by late afternoon the King of Poland was galloping through carnage and confusion. He and his Hussars fought their way to the tents of the Grand Vizier. Kara Mustafa wasn’t there. Wounded in the eye, he had been persuaded to flee, says Millar. “At about six p.m., grabbing his personal treasure, he exited the rear of his pavilion and joined the fleeing remnants of his army.”
The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed, and they reached Vienna after it had been relieved).[sup][21][/sup] The Viennese garrison was led by Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, an Austrian subject of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. The overall command was held by the senior leader, the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the relief forces.
The opposing military forces were those of the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman fiefdoms, commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Ottoman army numbered approximately 90,000[sup][9][/sup] to 300,000[sup][14][/sup][sup][15][/sup][sup][16][/sup][sup][17][/sup][sup][better source needed][/sup] men (according to documents on the order of battle found in Kara Mustafa's tent, initial strength at the start of the campaign was 170,000 men[sup][13][/sup]). They began the siege on 14 July 1683. Ottoman forces consisted, among other units, of 60 ortas or Janissaries (12,000 men paper-strength) with an observation army of some 70,000[sup][22][/sup] men watching the countryside. The decisive battle took place on 12 September, after the arrival of the united relief army.
Historians suggest the battle marked the turning point in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, a 300-year struggle between the Holy Roman and Ottoman Empires. During the 16 years following the battle, the Austrian Habsburgs gradually recovered and dominated southern Hungary and Transylvania, which had been largely cleared of Ottoman forces. The battle is noted for including the largest known cavalry charge in history.
In 1681, Kara Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, convinced the sultan to scrap a peace treaty between the empire and the Hapsburg rulers of Austria. He pointed out that efforts to conquer more of Hungary had been stymied by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, the King of Hungary and hereditary ruler of the Hapsburg domains of Austria and Bohemia. The sultan was persuaded a third campaign against Vienna would succeed because the French, who were jealous of the growing power of the Hapsburgs, promised not to interfere. (Sounds familiar, doesn’t it?) In the spring of 1683, the sultan journeyed to Belgrade to review his army and declare holy war against the infidels.
Leopold, meanwhile, wasn’t waiting passively for the sword to fall. He obtained money and moral support from Pope Innocent XI and set up a coalition of the willing to defend Vienna. The dukes of Bavaria, Saxony and Lorraine signed on. Most importantly, John Sobieski, the King of Poland, who’d become famous fighting the Ottomans in Ukraine, promised to lead an army to relieve the city.
The siege itself lasted two months, from July to September. With a 200,000-strong army surrounding the city, historian Douglas Clark Baxter explains, the Turks dug a series of parallel trenches steadily closer to the walls where they could place mines. The artillery maintained a steady bombardment. While most of Vienna’s 80,000 residents had fled before the Turks arrived, those who remained — about 10,000 soldiers and 5,000 civilians and volunteers — soon found themselves in dire straits. By late August, several walls were breached. Only temporary barricades and desperate fighting kept the Turks at bay. But with supplies depleted and less than half the original defenders still available, it was clear the enemy would soon prevail.
For a change, though, the cavalry arrived in time. Led by the King of Poland, 65,000 coalition troops — Austrians, Germans and Poles — arrived on the heights of the Kahlenberg above Vienna on Sept. 11. Kara Mustafa had counted on a quick siege and hadn’t bothered to set up defensive positions in his rear.
Big mistake. But he made another mistake in not temporarily lifting the siege and turning his whole army to confront Sobieski’s forces. Instead, the Grand Vizier divided his troops, leaving 10,000 in the trenches to continue the siege while 60,000 faced the coalition forces.
Sobieski addressed his troops before battle, saying, “It is not a city alone that we have to save, but the whole of Christianity, of which the city of Vienna is the bulwark. This war is a holy one.”
On the morning of Sun
day, Sept. 12, the King’s army charged down the slopes of the Kahlenberg. A Tu
rkish observer said at the time the descending army looked “as if a flood of black pitch was flowing down the mountain, smothering and consuming everything that lay in its way.”
An exaggeration perhaps but, by mid-afternoon, the Ottomans’ lines cracked. Sobieski pressed his advantage, ordering a cavalry charge. “The Imperial infantry stopped to gaze in awe as the Polish ‘Winged’ Hussars, resplendent in shining armor and with tiger and leopard skins hanging from their shoulders, lowered the tips of their lances and advanced,” writes historian Simon Millar. “There was an audible shattering of lances as they struck home … The Ottomans recoiled from the shock of the attack.”
The Turkish forces tried a counterattack but by late afternoon the King of Poland was galloping through carnage and confusion. He and his Hussars fought their way to the tents of the Grand Vizier. Kara Mustafa wasn’t there. Wounded in the eye, he had been persuaded to flee, says Millar. “At about six p.m., grabbing his personal treasure, he exited the rear of his pavilion and joined the fleeing remnants of his army.”
Diubah oleh nitrammmm 23-09-2019 03:21
0
1.7K
10
Tulis komentar menarik atau mention replykgpt untuk ngobrol seru
Mari bergabung, dapatkan informasi dan teman baru!
Sejarah & Xenology
6.5KThread•10.6KAnggota
Urutkan
Terlama
Tulis komentar menarik atau mention replykgpt untuk ngobrol seru